USING HYPNOSIS
MY DEAR FRIENDS AND COLLEAGUES:
IN ANSWER TO THE QUERY FROM AN M.D., I ANSWER IN ALL CAPS TO THE ASSERTIONS IN AN ARTICLES. THIS Q & A TIME HERE, IT IS JUST FUN READING, IT IS NOTHING I WANT TO BE "FLAMED" OVER. IF YOU LIKE IT USE IT. IF NOT, DELETE.
DERREL SIMS
Though often denigrated as fakery or wishful thinking, hypnosis has been shown to be a real phenomenon with a variety of therapeutic uses -- especially in controlling pain.
ABSOLUTELY. CONCERNING "MEMORY" RECOVERY...WELL, ITS MY BRAIN...SO I WOULD BE VERY CAREFUL WHO WOULD DO THAT WORK...JUST MY THINKING. I HAVE NOT NOTICED A LOT OF "COMPETENCY" OUT THERE...IN THE AREA OF SOLID MEMORY RECOVERY. IT IS NOT TO SAY THAT "MEMORY IS NOT BEING RECOVERED" BUT HOW MUCH, OR HOW MUCH IS CONNECTED TO THE "RECALL" ASPECT...(WHICH IS HALLUCINATORY).
I DEMONSTRATED THIS AT A RECENT MUFON CONFERENCE IN VENTURA COUNTY MUFON UNDER Ms DIANE JOHNSON'S DIRECTORSHIP...(WHICH I HAVE TO SAY IS THE BEST IT EVER HAS BEEN).
I TOOK A HYPNOTIST FROM THE AUDIENCE AND HYPNOTIZED HER. THEN I DID WHAT IS CALLED "STAGE HYPNOSIS WITH HER". I HAD HER RIDING IN A BUS DOWN A RICKETY OLD ROAD. SHE JUMPED AS THE "BUS" HIT BUMPS. SHE GOT VERY COLD AS THE WINDOW WAS DOWN AND THERE WAS A SEVERE RAINSTORM...SHE SWELTERED (IMMEDIATELY) AFTER WHEN THE SUN CAME OUT BLISTERING HOT. ETC.
THEN I BROUGHT HER OUT OF THE STATE OF HYPNOSIS. I ASKED HER WHAT HAPPENED...SHE DESCRIBED IN GREAT DETAIL AS WE ALL MUSED AT HER ''CANDOR AND LUCIDITY" OF RETELLING WHAT SHE FELT...(NOT WHAT WAS NECESSARILY MEMORY, BUT "RECALL").
I LOOKED DIRECTLY AT HER AND THEN SAID, 'SUGAR, THERE WAS NO BUS’...SHE ADMITTED TO THE SAME. ONLY THE SENSATIONS WERE THERE. SHE KNEW (AS WELL) THERE WAS NO "BUS". THAT STATEMENT WAS FOR THE AUDIENCES, NEEDS FOR THIS DEMONSTRATION.
THEN THE FUN STARTED. I TOOK A REAL ABDUCTEE WITH REAL EXPERIENCES...AND DID NOT HYPNOTIZE HER AT ALL. I MENTIONED TO THE AUDIENCE, WHICH HAD SEVERAL NOTABLE HYPNOTISTS, AND A PSYCHOLOGIST AND A PSYCHIATRIST PRESENT (AT LEAST THAT IS HOW THE PROFESSIONALS IDENTIFIED THEMSELVES TO ME). I ASKED THE LADY TO SIMPLY REMEMBER AN EVENT THAT WAS QUITE REAL TO HER (I HAD HEARD HER STORY EARLIER). THEN WHEN I WAS (RELATIVELY) SURE OF HER PHYSIOLOGY (55% OF ALL COMMUNICATION IS THE PHYSIOLOGY...), LISTENED TO HER TONE, PITCH AND TIMBER OF VOICE (38% MORE OF COMMUNICATION)...AND THEN HEARD (CAREFULLY HER WORDS)...ONLY 7% OF COMMUNICATION...I KNEW I WAS READY.
AS I ASK HER TO DESCRIBE THE "ENTITY" A "NORDIC", SHE WAS MOST LOVINGLY (CRYING WITH JOY) DESCRIBING "IT".
AT THIS JUNCTURE I INITIATED ONE OF OUR TECHNIQUES TO RECOVER MEMORY (WITHOUT HYPNOSIS). AT THAT MOMENT I INITIATED A TACTILE MEMORY RECOVERY SYSTEM THAT TOOK HER TO THE FIRST AND INITIAL EVENT WITH THIS "ENTITY".
THE RESPONSE WAS INSTANTANEOUS AND HORRIFIC (IT IS NOT ALWAYS THIS WAY...BUT MANY TIMES IT IS). I HAVE HYPNOTIZED FOLKS IN TURKISH MAN WHO HAD A TERRIBLE SCAR ON HIS LIP (THAT HE NEVER NOTICED) UNTIL I USED THE ABOVE TECHNIQUE TO LOCATE THE EVENT, ITALIAN LADY IN ROME, A SLOVAKIAN PROFESSORS WIFE, AND DON'T EVEN SPEAK THE LANGUAGE. ITS A MATTER OF COMMUNICATION NOT LINGUISTICS ONLY. OBVIOUS A TRANSLATOR WAS MOST USEFUL IN THOSE CASES...
IN THE LADY'S CASE HERE IN VENTURA MUFON, THE EVENTS WERE "NOT AS BELIEVED" BY THE INDIVIDUAL. THE REAL EVENT HERE, WAS DEMONSTRABLY, DIFFERENT. I DON'T THINK ANYONE IN THAT ROOM BELIEVED THE 1ST PART OF THE STORY (THAT THE LADY THOROUGHLY BELIEVED) AFTER THEY SAW THE RESULTS OF THE 2ND TECHNIQUE.
THE BOTTOM LINE IS TWO FOLD HERE.
1) SCREEN SAVER MEMORIES (INSTALLED BY "THEM") ARE NOT REAL MEMORY BUT MAY BE ATTACHED TO VERY VERY REAL FEELINGS. A GOOD HYPNOTIST CAN SPOT THIS. A BAD ONE, HAS NO CLUE. ITS ALL MEMORY TO THEM.
WE HAVE UNCOVERED AS MANY AS 3 LAYERS OF SCREEN SAVER MEMORIES (BY THE ALIEN) ON ONE EVENT. THE RATIONALE (I SUSPECT) IS THAT THE ENTITIES INVOLVED FEEL LIKE THE PERSON MAY HAVE SEEN, HEARD OR DISCOVERED ACCIDENTALLY, SOME ASPECT THEY WISH TO KEEP SECRET.
2) THE REAL EVENTS CAN COME OUT (AND AGAIN, IN SOME CASES PROVABLY)."You are getting sleepy. Verrry sleepy ..."
Everyone has seen a depiction of hypnosis in movies and on television. Indeed, say the word "hypnosis," and many people immediately think of pocket watches. But it is now much more common for hypnotists simply to ask a subject to stare at a small, stationary object--such as a colored thumbtack on the wall--during the "induction patter," which usually consists of soothing words about relaxation and suggestions to concentrate.
But is hypnosis a real phenomenon? If so, what is it useful for? Over the past few years, researchers have found that hypnotized individuals actively respond to suggestions even though they sometimes perceive the dramatic changes in thought and behavior they experience as happening "by themselves." During hypnosis, it is as though the brain temporarily suspends its attempts to authenticate incoming sensory information.
NOT IN ALL CASES. WHEN USING THIS "TOOL" IN A FORENSIC FORM THIS IS NOT TRUE AT ALL. IF IT WERE THE COURTS WOULD NEVER ALLOW IT.
Some people are more hypnotizable than others, although scientists still don't know why. Nevertheless, hypnosis is finding medical uses in controlling chronic pain, in countering anxiety and even in helping patients to recover more quickly from outpatient surgery.
SOME OF MY BEST (AND I WORK IN AN HYPNOSIS CLINIC DAILY, 12 HOURS A DAY 4 DAYS A WEEK) WORK IS "WITHOUT HYPNOSIS" PER SE. USING WONDERFUL TECHNIQUES OF TIMELINE THERAPY, NLP, AND OTHER THINGS I HAVE DEVELOPED I HAVE SEEN AMAZING RESULTS...(YES I HAVE INCLUDED THEM HERE).the new findings reveal how, when used properly, the power of hypnotic suggestion can alter cognitive processes as diverse as memory and pain perception.
YES, AND/OR TO INDUCE PAIN, OR RELIEVE SYMPTOM LOGY OF NEUROPATHY, ECZEMA, WARTS, SHINGLES, AND A HOST OF OTHER THINGS SOME MEDICAL ATTENTION OCCASIONALLY FAILS TO GET OR WONT WORK ON.To study any phenomenon properly, researchers must first have a way to measure it. In the case of hypnosis, that yardstick is the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales. The Stanford scales, as they are often called, were devised in the late 1950s by Stanford University psychologists André M. Weitzenhoffer and Ernest R. Hilgard and are still used today to determine the extent to which a subject responds to hypnosis. One version of the Stanford scales, for instance, consists of a series of 12 activities--such as holding one's arm outstretched or sniffing the contents of a bottle--that test the depth of the hypnotic state.
Scoring on the Stanford scales ranges from 0, for individuals who do not respond to any of the hypnotic suggestions, to 12, for those who pass all of them. Most people score in the middle range (between 5 and 7); 95 percent of the population receives a score of at least 1.
TRUE. EVIDENCE OF A HYPNOTIC STATE OR TRANCE, IS NOT EVIDENCE THAT THERAPEUTIC CHANGE WILL OCCUR. THAT IS WITHIN THE WORK OF THE THERAPIST.Based on studies using the Stanford scales, researchers with very different theoretical perspectives now agree on several fundamental principles of hypnosis. The first is that a person's ability to respond to hypnosis is remarkably stable during adulthood. Studies have shown that an individual's Stanford score remains as consistent over time as his or her IQ score--if not more so.
A person's responsiveness to hypnosis also remains fairly consistent regardless of the characteristics of the hypnotist: the practitioner's gender, age and experience have little or no effect on a subject's ability to be hypnotized. Similarly, the success of hypnosis does not depend on whether a subject is highly motivated or especially willing.
A very responsive subject will become hypnotized under a variety of experimental conditions and therapeutic settings, whereas a less susceptible person will not, despite his or her sincere efforts. (Negative attitudes and expectations can, however, interfere with hypnosis.)
IN MY WORK, (EVERYDAY) I HAVE NOT FOUND BUT A SMALL AMOUNT OF FOLKS WHO WERE NOT HYPNOTIZED.
IT WAS NOT THAT THEY COULDN'T BE, ITS THAT THEY CHOSE NOT TO, IN ALMOST EVERY CASE.
THIS OFTEN CAN BE BROUGHT TO A PLACE WHERE THE PERSON NEEDS A HYPNOTIC SETTING THAT HE OR SHE IS COMFORTABLE WITH.
IE, LOOKING AT A COMPUTER SCREEN (FOR SOMEONE WHO IS WHAT IS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS A "AUDITORY DIGITAL). THESE ARE THE HARDEST FOLKS ON THEMSELVES (AND YOU IF YOU ALLOW IT).
THEIR WORLD IS BLACK AND WHITE SO TO SPEAK, AND THEY DEMAND RIGORS OF ALL AROUND THEM...MANY ARE ABLE TO SEE THEIR "TIMELINE" PAST AND FUTURE IN FRONT OF THEM...AND ARE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH IT AT ALL.
THEY MAKE LOVE MUCH THE SAME WAY...WATCHING IT VIRTUALLY DISSOCIATED.Several studies have also shown that hypnotizability is unrelated to personality characteristics such as gullibility, hysteria, psychopathology, trust, aggressiveness, submissiveness, imagination or social compliance. The trait has, however, been linked tantalizingly with an individual's ability to become absorbed in activities such as reading, listening to music or daydreaming.
TRUE. HYPNOSIS (MY DEFINITION) IS "FOCUSED ATTENTION". THAT IS IT.Under hypnosis, subjects do not behave as passive automatons but instead are active problem solvers who incorporate their moral and cultural ideas into their behavior while remaining exquisitely responsive to the expectations expressed by the experimenter.
Nevertheless, the subject does not experience hypnotically suggested behavior as something that is actively achieved. To the contrary, it is typically deemed as effortless--as something that just happens. People who have been hypnotized often say things like "My hand became heavy and moved down by itself" or "Suddenly I found myself feeling no pain."
Many researchers now believe that these types of disconnections are at the heart of hypnosis. In response to suggestion, subjects make movements without conscious intent, fail to detect exceedingly painful stimulation or temporarily forget a familiar fact. Of course, these kinds of things also happen outside hypnosis--occasionally in day-to-day life and more dramatically in certain psychiatric and neurological disorders.
TRUE.Using hypnosis, scientists have temporarily created hallucinations, compulsions, certain types of memory loss, false memories, and delusions in the laboratory so that these phenomena can be studied in a controlled environment.
YES, AND CAN ALSO RECOVER REAL MEMORY NOT "RECALL" WHICH IS OFTEN HALLUCINATION IN SOME FORM.
As scientists discover more about hypnosis, they are also uncovering evidence that counters some of the skepticism about the technique. One such objection is that hypnosis is simply a matter of having an especially vivid imagination. In fact, this does not seem to be the case. Many imaginative people are not good hypnotic subjects, and no relation between the two abilities has surfaced.
NOT COMPLETELY SURE I AGREE WITH THE ABOVE AS A TRUTH. IT IS GENERALLY TRUE.The imagination charge stems from the fact that many people who are hypnotizable can be led to experience compellingly realistic auditory and visual hallucinations. But an elegant study using positron emission tomography (PET), which indirectly measures metabolism, has shown that different regions of the brain are activated when a subject is asked to imagine a sound than when he or she is hallucinating under hypnosis.
The researchers noted that an auditory hallucination and the act of imagining a sound are both self-generated and that, like real hearing, a hallucination is experienced as coming from an external source.
Hypnosis might alleviate pain by decreasing the activity of brain areas involved in the experience of suffering. Positron emission tomography (PET) scans of horizontal (top) and vertical (bottom) brain sections were taken while the hands of hypnotized volunteers were dunked into painfully hot water. The activity of the somatosensory cortex, which processes physical stimuli, did not differ whether a subject was given the hypnotic suggestion that the sensation would be painfully hot (left) or that it would be minimally unpleasant (right). In contrast, a part of the brain known to be involved in the suffering aspect of pain, the anterior cingulate cortex, was much less active when subjects were told that the pain would be minimally unpleasant (bottom).
The tests showed that a region of the brain called the right anterior cingulate cortex was just as active while the volunteers were hallucinating as it was while they were actually hearing the stimulus. In contrast, that brain area was not active while the subjects were imagining that they heard the stimulus. Somehow hypnosis had tricked this area of the brain into registering the hallucinated voice as real.
Another objection raised by critics of hypnosis concerns its ability to blunt pain. Skeptics have argued that this effect results from either simple relaxation or a placebo response. Highly hypnotizable subjects benefited three times more from hypnosis than from the placebo.
I HAVE DONE FULL HYPNOTIC ANESTHESIA IN THE OPERATING ROOM AND IN OTHER EMERGENCY SETTINGS.
IN ONE CASE I HAVE SOME COLLEAGUES WHO HAVE A LADY SINGING (COHERENTLY) AS SHE IS GETTING A CAESARIAN SECTION.Despite all kinds of scientific findings, the mechanisms underlying hypnotic pain relief are still poorly understood. The model favored by most researchers is that the analgesic effect of hypnosis occurs in higher brain centers than those involved in registering the painful sensation. This would account for the fact that most autonomic responses that routinely accompany pain--such as increased heart rate--are relatively unaffected by hypnotic suggestions of analgesia.
But couldn't people merely be faking that they had been hypnotized? Two key studies have put such suspicions to rest.
Perhaps nowhere has hypnosis engendered more controversy than over the issue of "recovered" memory. Cognitive science has established that people are fairly adept at discerning whether an event actually occurred or whether they only imagined it. But under some circumstances, we falter. We can come to believe (or can be led to believe) that something happened to us when, in fact, it did not.
YES, THE ALIEN "SCREEN SAVER MEMORIES” ARE FRAUGHT WITH THIS. THESE FOLKS OFTEN RELATE TO THEIR EVENTS WITH A "CONTACTEE" MENTALITY WHICH GIVES OFF THE AIR OF: "I WAS IN THE SCHOOL OF HIGHER CONSCIOUSNESS". THESE SAME PEOPLE FEEL LIKE THESE ARE "MEMORY EVENTS".
THERAPISTS (IN MY VIEW) OFTEN HYPNOTIZES THE "SCREEN SAVER”...OR THE INSTALLED MEMORY, AND NOT THE REAL "HARD DRIVE MEMORY" SO TO SPEAK.THE RESULT IS YOU HYPNOTIZED THE PERSONS "HALLUCINATION" AND NOW EXTROPALTE ON THIS WITH SUGGESTIONS THAT SUPPORT THIS VIEW. THE EVENT MAY BE TRUE, BUT THE "MEMORY" SEEMS TO HAVE BEEN TAMPERED WITH. IN MOST EVENTS IF YOU DO CORRECTLY REMEMBER, THERE IS AN OBVIOUS MISTAKE ON THE ENTITIES PART.
IN MY VIEW THE ALIEN IS NOT USING HYPNOSIS AT ALL. IT IS SIMILAR BUT NOT THE SAME...THE EFFECTS ARE PROFOUND, AND ARE NOT DONE VERY WELL SOMETIMES...HENCE WE CAN GET PAST THE "SCREEN SAVER MEMORIES" PRETTY WELL. IT OFTEN WORKS OVER AND BEYOND YOUR "WILL".One of the key cues humans appear to use in making the distinction between reality and imagination is the experience of effort. Apparently, at the time of encoding a memory, a "tag" cues us as to the amount of effort we expended: if the event is tagged as having involved a good deal of mental effort on our part, we tend to interpret it as something we imagined.
LIKE SCREEN SAVER MEMORIES.If it is tagged as having involved relatively little mental effort, we tend to interpret it as something that actually happened to us.
OFTEN LIKE EVENTS THAT EVOKE KINESTHETIC OR TACTILE RESPONSES ARE GIVEN MORE CREDIT TO ME (INITIALLY). THIS IS PARTICULARLY TRUE SINCE THE "BODY, SOMA" REMEMBERS...REGARDLESS OF THE "SCREEN SAVER" MEMORIES...OF ANYONE, OF ALIEN OR HUMAN INSTALLER.
THE FACT IS THAT TACTILE MEMORY IS A KEY TO REAL EVENTS.
THERE ARE WAYS OF RECOVERY (WITH AND WITHOUT HYPNOSIS) THAT ARE OFTEN TESTABLE AND PROVABLE AS A VALID TECHNIQUE.Given that the calling card of hypnosis is precisely the feeling of effortlessness, we can see why hypnotized people can so easily mistake an imagined past event for something that happened long ago. Hence, something that is merely imagined can become ingrained as an episode in our life story.
YES, HOWEVER THERE ARE WAYS TO DETECT ERROR.
ONE CANNOT LIE OR "CONSTRUCT" BACKWARDS.
HENCE WE HAVE DEVELOPED MOST EFFECTIVE TECHNIQUES FOR THIS PROCEDURE.A host of studies verify this effect. Readily hypnotized subjects, for instance, can routinely be led to produce detailed and dramatic accounts of their first few months of life even though those events did not in fact occur and even though adults simply do not have the capacity to remember early infancy. Similarly, when given suggestions to regress to childhood, highly hypnotizable subjects behave in a roughly childlike manner, are often quite emotional and may later insist that they were genuinely reliving childhood. But research confirms that these responses are in no way authentically childlike--not in speech, behavior, emotion, perception, vocabulary or thought patterns. These performances are no more childlike than those of adults playacting as children. In short, nothing about hypnosis enables a subject to transcend the fundamental nature and limitations of human memory. It does not allow someone to exhume memories that are decades old or to retrace or undo human development.
NOT COMPLETELY TRUE. IT REALLY DEPENDS ON WHAT YOU DO AND WHAT KIND AND METHOD OF MEMORY RECOVERY YOU HAVE.So what are the medical benefits of hypnosis? A 1996 National Institutes of Health technology assessment panel judged hypnosis to be an effective intervention for alleviating pain from cancer and other chronic conditions. Voluminous clinical studies also indicate that hypnosis can reduce the acute pain experienced by patients undergoing burn-wound debridement, children enduring bone marrow aspirations and women in labor. The pain-relieving effect of hypnosis is often substantial, and in a few cases the degree of relief matches or exceeds that provided by morphine.
YES. ONCE THE ESDALE OR "COMA" STATE IS INVOKED, ONE CAN GO THROUGH ANY SURGERY WITHOUT KNOWLEDGE PAIN.
ESDALE IS A STATE IN HYPNOSIS THAT IS REFERRED TO AS COMA (THOUGH IT IS NOT...) IT IS A TESTABLE, CATATONIC STATE IN WHICH TOTAL LOSS OF EXTERIOR PAIN IS FELT AND THE SUBJECT IS IN CATATONIC STATE. THIS STATE WAS DISCOVERED BY AN M.D. IN THE 18TH CENTURY DURING THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR. IT IS VERY MUCH LIKE THE STATE DESCRIBED IN GENESIS 2 WHERE GOD PLACES ADAM INTO A DEEP SLEEP AND REMOVES HIS RIB..SURGICALLY WITHOUT ADAM
FEELING ANY PAINBut the Society for Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis says that hypnosis cannot, and should not, stand alone as the sole medical or psychological intervention for any disorder. The reason is that anyone who can read a script with some degree of expression can learn how to hypnotize someone. An individual with a medical or psychological problem should first consult a qualified health care provider for a diagnosis. Such a practitioner is in the best position to decide with the patient whether hypnosis is indicated and, if it is, how it might be incorporated into the individual's treatment.
AGREED...AND I HAVE HAD MHMR, TRI COUNTY MENTAL HEALTH ETC, SEND ME THE PATIENTS (OFTEN THEY DON'T KNOW WHAT TO DO WITH AND ARE ABLE TO FUNCTION) (a county mental health facility is a large locale...this is 3 of them in one effort in the state of Texas)Hypnosis can boost the effectiveness of psychotherapy for some conditions. Another meta-analysis that examined the outcomes of people in 18 separate studies found that patients who received cognitive behavioral therapy plus hypnosis for disorders such as obesity, insomnia, anxiety and hypertension showed greater improvement than 70 percent of the patients who received psychotherapy alone. After publication of these findings, a task force of the American Psychological Association validated hypnosis as an adjunct procedure for the treatment of obesity. But the jury is still out on other disorders with a behavioral component. Drug addiction and alcoholism do not respond well to hypnosis, and the evidence for hypnosis as an aid in quitting smoking is equivocal.
THE REASON FOR THIS ASSERTION (WHICH IS TRUE) IS THAT YOU CANT JUST HYPNOTIZE SOMEONE AND MAKE THEM QUIT MUCH OF ANYTHING. YOU DEVELOP THE SETTING AND THE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS. IF YOU DON'T REACH ROOT CAUSE (OFTEN GUILT, OR SELF HATRED) IN DRINKING DIFFICULTIES...YOU ARE REALLY WASTING YOUR TIME. IN FACT, ONE ALCOHOLIC STOPPED DRINKING IN ONE SESSION, WITHOUT HYPNOSIS (MY CLIENT) AS SOON AS ROOT CAUSE WAS UNCOVERED AND REFRAMED TO BE EFFECTIVELY ECOLOGICALLY IN BALANCE WITH THE CLIENTS LIFE.
ANOTHER ONE I WORKED WITH TODAY...DISCOVERED WITH ME THE ROOT CAUSE... AND WENT AFTER THIS. I WILL DO ONE OTHER SESSION WITH HER, AND WILL THEN TEST THE 'WATERS" SO TO SPEAK. WE ALWAYS WORK HAND IN HAND WITH THERAPISTS, MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS, AND MEDICAL DOCTORS. WE ARE JUST AN ADJUNCT, AN ADDITIONAL SYSTEM IN THE PROCESS OF HELPING SOMEONE.Listed in rough order of tractability by hypnosis, these include a subgroup of asthmas; some dermatological disorders, including warts; irritable bowel syndrome; hemophilia; and nausea associated with chemotherapy. The mechanism by which hypnosis alleviates these disorders is unknown, and claims that hypnosis increases immune function in any clinically important way are at this time unsubstantiated.
Although we are not quite there today, hypnosis has nonetheless come a long way from the swinging pocket watch.Further Information:
Hypnosis for the Seriously Curious. Kenneth Bowers. W. W. Norton, 1983.Contemporary Hypnosis Research. Erika Fromm and Michael R. Nash.
Guilford Press, 1992.
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